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{{Infobox Language|name=New Latin|familycolor=Indo-European|region=Europe|extinct=developed into
Recent Latin by the 20th century]|fam3=Latino-Faliscan languages|iso1=la|iso2=lat|iso3=lat-->
New Latin (or
Neo-Latin) is a post-
Middle Ages version of
Latin, used approximately in the period 1600–1900.
Extent
Classicss use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the use of the Latin language for any purpose, scientific or literary, after the Renaissance (for which purpose they often use the date 1600), although, for example, the editors of
I Tatti Renaissance Library call their Renaissance Latin language texts Neo-Latin as well. The end of the New Latin period is unspecified, but Latin as a regular vehicle of communicating ideas became rare after the first few decades of the 19th century, and by 1900 it survived primarily in International Scientific Vocabulary cladistics and
systematics. The term "New Latin" came into widespread use towards the end of the 1890s among linguisticss and scientists.
At the beginning of the period, Latin was a universal
education subject, and indeed, the pre-eminent subject for elementary education in Western Europe and those places which shared its culture. All university required Latin proficiency (obtained in local grammar schools) to obtain admittance as a student.
New Latin was, at the beginning of this period, an international language used throughout Catholic and Protestant Europe, as well as in the colonies of the major European powers. As an auxiliary language to the local vernaculars, it appeared in a wide variety of documents, ecclesiastical, legal, diplomatic, academic, and scientific. While a text written in English, French, or Spanish at this time might be understood by a significant cross section of the learned, only a Latin text could be certain of finding someone to interpret it anywhere between Lisbon and Helsinki.
Notable scientific works in New Latin written since 1600 include:
Other notable works in Neo-Latin include:
- 1602. Cenodoxus, a play by Jacob Bidermann.
- 1621. Argenis, a novel by John Barclay (1582-1621)
- 1625. De Jure Belli ac Pacis by Hugo Grotius. ( Posner Collection facsimile; Gallica facsimile)
- 1642-1658. Elementa Philosophica by Thomas Hobbes.
- 1670. Theologico-Political Treatise by Baruch Spinoza.
- 1767. Apollo et Hyacinthus, intermezzo by Rufinus Widl (with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart).
Latin in this period came to be regarded as a medium for "serious" and learned expression; this view left little room for the use of Latin as a literary medium, for poetry, or for creative fiction (outside of translations made by ethnographers and folklorists). One of the last writers of any significant literary reputation to have written a large body of purely literary work in Latin was
John Milton, better known for his English poetry. However, some lighter pieces were produced in Neo-Latin, for instance
Johannes Kepler's scientific fantasy
Somnium (Kepler) (1634) and
Ludvig Holberg's satire
Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (1741) .
Other, later, authors, including
Max Beerbohm and Arthur Rimbaud, have written Latin verse, but these texts have been either school exercises or occasional pieces.
Abandonment
The reasons for the abandonment of Latin as the primary international intellectual language were varied, and it is difficult to pinpoint a single cause, especially as there was no sharp cutoff, but rather a slow diminuendo occupying the greater part of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Although Latin was supreme as an international language in the 17th century, in the early decades of the 18th century its place as a language of international diplomacy came to be taken by French language, due to the commanding presence in Europe of the France of Louis XIV of France. At the same time, some (like King Frederick William I of Prussia) were dismissing Latin as a useless accomplishment, unfit for a man of practical affairs. As the 18th century progressed, the extensive literature in Latin being produced at the beginning slowly contracted, until by 1800 it was only a trickle.
Nonetheless, Latin held a place of educational pre-eminence until the second half of the
nineteenth century, when its value was increasingly questioned; in the
twentieth century, philosophy of education such as that of John Dewey dismissed its relevance. Nevertheless, throughout this period
Ecclesiastical Latin continued to maintain its position of pre-eminence in the Roman Catholic Church.
Among the possible causes of the final abandonment of Latin as the primary international intellectual language were:
- The growth of romantic nationalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution, and the consequent increase in emphasis on local traditions and languages.
- The greater prominence given to scientific over humanistic subjects, including Latin (despite the fact that many of the foundational scientific texts were written in Latin).
- The growth of a feeling that Latin was esoteric and irrelevant, and that international communication would be better served by learning foreign languages directly, than by using an auxiliary medium such as Latin. The later 19th century, however, felt the absence of Latin as an auxiliary language, and such languages as Volapük and Esperanto were invented to fill the gap.
- The increasing classical emphasis of Latin classes, whose texts, vocabulary, and grammar were (and are) drawn almost exclusively from the Roman period, and which placed little value on the ability to write about contemporary subjects in Latin.
With attempts to bring non-classical vocabulary into Latin condemned as barbarous, and the natural tendency of amateur Latin writers to approximate the syntax and style of their native tongue condemned as solecism, it was easier for writers to use their own languages and avoid condemnation for imperfect Latin. Disappointment with the levels of proficiency achieved in Latin by education was a frequently expressed theme. This perceived level of failure was in fact related to the exclusive teaching of classical Latin as an object of
antiquarian study, and the use of classical norms rather than looser or contemporary usage as the standard to which written and spoken Latin should aspire. As Latin came to be less used outside the schoolroom, many Latin students went on to forget most of the Latin they had once known.
Relics
Among the lasting inheritances of New Latin is the system of
binomial nomenclature and classification of living organisms devised by
Carolus Linnaeus; the need for apt names within an (at least superficially) Latin structure continues to drive the development of new Latin or quasi-Latin vocabulary today. For instance, the scientific name of the
shearwater genus
Puffinus is a New Latin
loanword derived from the
English language term "puffin" for some entirely unrelated seabirds.
Puffinus shearwaters were usually called
mergus in Classical Latin. This was a catchall term for seabirds, which in New Latin became the genus name for another
Mergus.. Another continuation is the use of Latin names for the surface features of planets and planetary satellites (planetary nomenclature), originated in the mid-17th century for
Selenography toponyms.
References
- IJsewijn, Jozef with Dirk Sacré. Companion to Neo-Latin Studies. 2 vols. Leuven University Press, 1990-1998.
- Waquet, Françoise, Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (Verso, 2003) ISBN 1-85984-402-2; translated from the French by John Howe.
Footnotes
See also
External links
- An Analytic Bibliography of On-line Neo-Latin Titles — Bibliography of Renaissance Latin and Neo-Latin literature on the web.
- Neo-Latin at The Latin Library.
- Database of Nordic Neo-Latin Literature
- Heinsius collection: Dutch Neo-Latin poetry
- Latinitas Nova at Bibliotheca Augustana
- CAMENA – Latin Texts of Early Modern Europe
- Neo-Latin Humanist Texts from DigitalBookIndex
- Latin Abbreviations used in modern language.
- Glossary of Latin Roots of Botanical Terms
- A Lost Continent of Literature: The rise and fall of Neo-Latin, the universal language of the Renaissance. — An essay on Neo-Latin literature on the I Tatti Renaissance Library website.
{{Infobox Language|name=New Latin|familycolor=Indo-European|region=Europe|extinct=developed into Recent Latin by the 20th century]|fam3=Latino-Faliscan languages|iso1=la|iso2=lat|iso3=lat-->
New Latin (or
Neo-Latin) is a post-Middle Ages version of
Latin, used approximately in the period 1600–1900.
Extent
Classicss use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the use of the Latin language for any purpose, scientific or literary, after the Renaissance (for which purpose they often use the date
1600), although, for example, the editors of
I Tatti Renaissance Library call their Renaissance Latin language texts Neo-Latin as well. The end of the New Latin period is unspecified, but Latin as a regular vehicle of communicating ideas became rare after the first few decades of the 19th century, and by 1900 it survived primarily in International Scientific Vocabulary cladistics and
systematics. The term "New Latin" came into widespread use towards the end of the 1890s among
linguisticss and scientists.
At the beginning of the period, Latin was a universal education subject, and indeed, the pre-eminent subject for elementary education in
Western Europe and those places which shared its culture. All university required Latin proficiency (obtained in local grammar schools) to obtain admittance as a student.
New Latin was, at the beginning of this period, an international language used throughout Catholic and Protestant Europe, as well as in the colonies of the major European powers. As an auxiliary language to the local vernaculars, it appeared in a wide variety of documents, ecclesiastical, legal, diplomatic, academic, and scientific. While a text written in English, French, or Spanish at this time might be understood by a significant cross section of the learned, only a Latin text could be certain of finding someone to interpret it anywhere between Lisbon and Helsinki.
Notable scientific works in New Latin written since 1600 include:
Other notable works in Neo-Latin include:
- 1602. Cenodoxus, a play by Jacob Bidermann.
- 1621. Argenis, a novel by John Barclay (1582-1621)
- 1625. De Jure Belli ac Pacis by Hugo Grotius. ( Posner Collection facsimile; Gallica facsimile)
- 1642-1658. Elementa Philosophica by Thomas Hobbes.
- 1670. Theologico-Political Treatise by Baruch Spinoza.
- 1767. Apollo et Hyacinthus, intermezzo by Rufinus Widl (with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart).
Latin in this period came to be regarded as a medium for "serious" and learned expression; this view left little room for the use of Latin as a literary medium, for poetry, or for creative fiction (outside of translations made by ethnographers and folklorists). One of the last writers of any significant literary reputation to have written a large body of purely literary work in Latin was
John Milton, better known for his English poetry. However, some lighter pieces were produced in Neo-Latin, for instance
Johannes Kepler's scientific fantasy
Somnium (Kepler) (1634) and Ludvig Holberg's satire
Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (1741) .
Other, later, authors, including Max Beerbohm and Arthur Rimbaud, have written Latin verse, but these texts have been either school exercises or occasional pieces.
Abandonment
The reasons for the abandonment of Latin as the primary international intellectual language were varied, and it is difficult to pinpoint a single cause, especially as there was no sharp cutoff, but rather a slow diminuendo occupying the greater part of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Although Latin was supreme as an international language in the 17th century, in the early decades of the 18th century its place as a language of international diplomacy came to be taken by French language, due to the commanding presence in Europe of the France of Louis XIV of France. At the same time, some (like King Frederick William I of Prussia) were dismissing Latin as a useless accomplishment, unfit for a man of practical affairs. As the 18th century progressed, the extensive literature in Latin being produced at the beginning slowly contracted, until by 1800 it was only a trickle.
Nonetheless, Latin held a place of educational pre-eminence until the second half of the nineteenth century, when its value was increasingly questioned; in the
twentieth century,
philosophy of education such as that of John Dewey dismissed its relevance. Nevertheless, throughout this period Ecclesiastical Latin continued to maintain its position of pre-eminence in the
Roman Catholic Church.
Among the possible causes of the final abandonment of Latin as the primary international intellectual language were:
- The growth of romantic nationalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution, and the consequent increase in emphasis on local traditions and languages.
- The greater prominence given to scientific over humanistic subjects, including Latin (despite the fact that many of the foundational scientific texts were written in Latin).
- The growth of a feeling that Latin was esoteric and irrelevant, and that international communication would be better served by learning foreign languages directly, than by using an auxiliary medium such as Latin. The later 19th century, however, felt the absence of Latin as an auxiliary language, and such languages as Volapük and Esperanto were invented to fill the gap.
- The increasing classical emphasis of Latin classes, whose texts, vocabulary, and grammar were (and are) drawn almost exclusively from the Roman period, and which placed little value on the ability to write about contemporary subjects in Latin.
With attempts to bring non-classical vocabulary into Latin condemned as barbarous, and the natural tendency of amateur Latin writers to approximate the syntax and style of their native tongue condemned as solecism, it was easier for writers to use their own languages and avoid condemnation for imperfect Latin. Disappointment with the levels of proficiency achieved in Latin by education was a frequently expressed theme. This perceived level of failure was in fact related to the exclusive teaching of classical Latin as an object of
antiquarian study, and the use of classical norms rather than looser or contemporary usage as the standard to which written and spoken Latin should aspire. As Latin came to be less used outside the schoolroom, many Latin students went on to forget most of the Latin they had once known.
Relics
Among the lasting inheritances of New Latin is the system of
binomial nomenclature and classification of living organisms devised by Carolus Linnaeus; the need for apt names within an (at least superficially) Latin structure continues to drive the development of new Latin or quasi-Latin vocabulary today. For instance, the scientific name of the
shearwater genus Puffinus is a New Latin
loanword derived from the
English language term "
puffin" for some entirely unrelated
seabirds.
Puffinus shearwaters were usually called
mergus in Classical Latin. This was a catchall term for seabirds, which in New Latin became the genus name for another Mergus.. Another continuation is the use of Latin names for the surface features of planets and planetary satellites (
planetary nomenclature), originated in the mid-17th century for Selenography toponyms.
References
- IJsewijn, Jozef with Dirk Sacré. Companion to Neo-Latin Studies. 2 vols. Leuven University Press, 1990-1998.
- Waquet, Françoise, Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (Verso, 2003) ISBN 1-85984-402-2; translated from the French by John Howe.
Footnotes
See also
External links
- An Analytic Bibliography of On-line Neo-Latin Titles — Bibliography of Renaissance Latin and Neo-Latin literature on the web.
- Neo-Latin at The Latin Library.
- Database of Nordic Neo-Latin Literature
- Heinsius collection: Dutch Neo-Latin poetry
- Latinitas Nova at Bibliotheca Augustana
- CAMENA – Latin Texts of Early Modern Europe
- Neo-Latin Humanist Texts from DigitalBookIndex
- Latin Abbreviations used in modern language.
- Glossary of Latin Roots of Botanical Terms
- A Lost Continent of Literature: The rise and fall of Neo-Latin, the universal language of the Renaissance. — An essay on Neo-Latin literature on the I Tatti Renaissance Library website.
New Latin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
New Latin (or Neo-Latin) is a post-medieval version of Latin, used approximately in the period 1500–1900.
New Latin Grammar
The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Latin Grammar, by Charles E. Bennett This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.
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